Klemons von Metternich

1815-1848

Developed the international political system of the time, known as the Concert of Europe. A reactionary, he tried to impose a reconstructed Old Order on Europe.

Great Reform Bill

1832

Reformed Great Britain by abolishing rotten boroughs, expanding electorate, and empowering the industrial middle class.

Chartist Movement

1838-late 1840’s

Represented the demands of the radical middle class. Called for universal male suffrage, secret voting ballot, and "one man one vote" representation in Parliament. Although it failed, all its demands would later be incorporated.

William E. Gladstone

1866 and 1868

Whig prime minister who attempted to expand voter eligibility but was defeated. After return to power, he legalized labor unions, introduced secret ballots, and free public education.

Benjamin Disraeli

1867

Tory prime minister who got Second Reform Bill passed.

Second Reform Bill

1867

Doubled size of electorate and gave the vote to many industrial workers.

Louis XVIII and

Charles X

1814-1830

Brothers and successors of the guillotined Louis XVI. Gave power to a small class of landowners and rich bourgeoisie. Their policies led to riots in 1830.

Marquis de Lafayette

1830

Hero of American Revolution who interceded and had Louis Phillipe crowned the new king of France.

Louis Phillipe

1830-1845

The "bourgeoisie king." Empowered bourgeoisie but left proletariat unrepresented. Forced to abdicate because of inefficiency and corruption.

Chamber of Deputies

1848

Was pressured to provide temporary government until new Constituent Assembly could be elected to draft new constitution. The election of the conservative Constituent Assembly led to class riots in Paris.

Constituent Assembly

1948

Brutally suppressed riots and established a single chambered Legislative Assembly and a strong presidency. Also made universal male suffrage.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

1848 - ?

Elected President of France. Proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III of the Second French Empire. Popular in early years because of internal improvements. However, lost support due to foreign affairs. Entered costly Crimean War, had to back down when confronted over French satellite in Mexico, entered disastrous Franco-Prussian War, which led to the development of the Third Republic.

Paris Commune

1871

A radical socialist countergovernment that was crushed by monarchist and bourgeoisie interests in the National Assembly.

Chamber of Deputies

1875

Created by National Assembly. Members elected by universal male suffrage.

Dreyfus

1894-1899

Jewish Army Captain falsely accused of spying.

Burschenschafts

1817

Organized by radical German students dedicated to the creation of a unified Germany.

Carlsbad Decrees

1819

Sponsored by Metternich. Prohibited the Burschenschafts, censored radical material, and set up secret police.

Zollverein

?

Economic union of 17 German states

House of Representatives

1850

Created by King Frederich William IV of Prussia to help ease revolutionary tensions.

Frankfurt Assembly

1848-1849

An extra-legal convention which met and decided the nature of future Germany. Advocated of Greater Germany wanted Austria to lead the Germans. Advocates of a lesser Germany wanted to exclude Austria and have Prussia lead the Germans.

Louis Kossuth

1848

Aroused separatist sentiment in Hungarian Diet and declared autonomy for Hungary, but was crushed.

Franz Joseph

1848-1916

Emperor who put down the rebellions of 1848 in Austria.

Compromise of 1867

1867

Set up constitutional government with some reforms. Granted Hungarians privileges and created a dual monarchy.

Alexander I

1801-1825

Extended the reforms of Catherine the Great but became a reactionary.

Nicholas I

1825-1855

Crushed the Decemberist revolt and continued the autocratic policies. Developed the secret police.

Alexander II

1855-1881

Issued Emancipation Proclamation, ending serfdom. Was assassinated.

Polish revolt of 1863

1863

Revolt by Poland to gain autonomy which failed.