~ Napoleonic Age 1799-1815

~1795-99

~ 1799

~ 1801

~ 1804

~ 1806

~1809

~ June, 1812

~ Oct., 1813

~ April 4, 1814

~ Mar. 1, 1815

~ June 16, 1815

~ June 18, 1815

* genius for military success

* gift for administration & reform implemented the ideals of the revolution

* after his fall, the old order tried to restore itself at the Congress of Vienna

* When a Paris mob threatened the Directory, the young general put down the riot & was rewarded with the comm& of the French armies fighting the Austrians in Italy.

* overthrew the Directory in a coup d’état & formed the Consulate, made up of three Consuls with him as head Consul

* His reforms assured the dissolution of the Old Regime by establishing egalitarianism in govt., b4 the law, & in educational opportunity

* signed The Concordat of 1801 with Pope whereby the papacy renounced claims over church property seized during the Revolution & was allowed to nominate bishops... blah blah blah

* With the Code Napoleon, he replaced varied & inequitable medieval law with a uniform legal system.

* instituted a state-supported educational system with rigorous standards & available to the mass of Frenchmen

** created merit system to recruit & reward those in govt., despite the fact that he practiced flagrant nepotism by placing his relatives on the thrones of nations he conquered

** His lowering taxes on farmers, & guarantee that the redistributed church lands remained in the hands of their new owners, who were mostly peasant farmers, created an independent peasantry that would be the backbone of French democracy

** aim was to unite Europe under France’s leadership

** His success convinced the peoples he conquered or battled that the future lay in nat’l unity, & force of nat’lism led to his downfall & shaped destiny of Europe well into 20^th century.

* controlled virtually all of Italy, abolishing feudalism & reforming social, political, & economic structures; against nat’l unity for Italians cuz it might pose threat to French dominance of region

** After defeating the 2 most powerful & influential German states - Austria & Prussia - he reorganized Germany. He abolished feudalism & carried out reforms. He awakened German nat’lism.

** Continental System: unable to defeat Britain, Nap. starved Britain out by closing ports of the continent to British commerce

** tried to tighten control over Spain by replacing Spanish king with his bro, but Spanish people waged a guerilla war aided by Britain under Duke of Wellington

* invaded Russia when it withdrew from Continental System because of economic hardships it caused; Nap’s Grand Army was forced to retreat from Moscow during Russian winter by "scorched earth" tactic of Russians

* defeated by combined forces of Russia, Prussia, & Austria at Battle of Leipzig (aka Battle of Nations)

* abdicated as emperor after rejecting Frankfurt Proposals

** exiled to Island of Elba in Mediterranean

* began The Hundred Days when he marched into Paris from his exile

* defeated a Prussian army in Belgium

* defeated by Duke of Wellington at Waterloo, in Belgium

~ 1774-1792

* His govt. attempted to tax the previously exempt clergy & nobility

~July 25,1792

* Jacobin leaders aroused the Paris mobs when Brunswick Manifesto was issued, which threatened the people of Paris if harm came to the King.

~ 1793

* leader of the Jacobins

* pushed for the execution of the King - tried for treason - & both Louis XVI & his Queen, Marie Antoinette, were guillotined in Jan., 1793

* radical working class leaders of Paris

** one of Brits ablest commanders that aided Spanish in their guerrilla war against Nap.

** throne of France restored to him & Bourbons

** chancellor of Austria

** foreign minister of England

15. Prince

** foreign minister of France